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New marker could detect fatal breast cancer up to one year earlier

A new marker that could be used to diagnose fatal breast cancer up to one year ahead of current methods has been described in a study published in the open access journal Genome Medicine this week. A team of researchers led by University College London, UK found that a region of DNA called EFC#93 showed abnormal patterns of DNA methylation in breast cancer samples. Importantly, these patterns are present in blood serum before the cancer becomes detectable in the breast.

Professor Martin Widschwendter, corresponding author of the study, said: “For the first time, our study provides evidence that serum DNA methylation markers such as EFC#93 provide a highly specific indicator that could diagnose fatal breast cancers up to one year in advance of current diagnosis. This may enable individualized treatment, which could even begin in the absence of radiological evidence in the breast.”

Professor Widschwendter added: “We found that the presence of EFC#93 DNA methylation in blood serum correctly identified 43% of women who went on to be diagnosed with fatal breast cancer within three to six months of giving serum samples, as well as 25% of women who went on to be diagnosed within six to twelve months of giving samples.”

DNA methylation is the addition of a methyl group to DNA, which often affects gene expression. Aberrant DNA methylation is common in human tumors and methylation changes occur very early in breast cancer development.

The authors first analyzed EFC#93 DNA methylation in blood serum samples from 419 breast cancer patients taken at two time points: after surgery (before the start of chemotherapy), and after completion of chemotherapy. They demonstrated that aberrant DNA methylation in samples taken before chemotherapy was a marker for poor prognosis independent of the presence of circulating tumor cells (cells that have shed from the primary tumor into the blood or lymphatic system and circulate throughout the body).

To assess whether EFC#93 can diagnose women with a poor prognosis earlier (that is, before the cancer becomes detectable) the authors further analyzed serum samples of 925 healthy women, 229 of whom went on to develop fatal and 231 of whom went on to develop non-fatal breast cancer, within the first three years of donating serum samples.

Professor Widschwendter said: “The serum DNA methylation marker EFC#93 correctly identified 43% of women from serum tested six months in advance of their mammography-based breast cancer diagnosis who later died from the disease (sensitivity for fatal breast cancer) and also identified 88% of women who did not go on to develop breast cancer (specificity).

 “Importantly, EFC#93 did not detect non-fatal breast cancers early. In comparison, mammography screening has a specificity of 88-92% but leads to very substantial over-diagnosis, which means that tumors are detected that would never have caused any clinical symptoms. Subject to further study, using cell-free DNA as a marker, as we have done here, is a promising way of avoiding this issue. ”

The authors caution that a lack of appropriate serum samples is a key limitation of this kind of study. Blood samples that are not processed immediately after blood is drawn, or are not collected in special tubes, contain large amounts of normal ‘background’ DNA leaked by white blood cells, which makes it hard to detect small amounts of tumor DNA.

Professor Widschwendter said: “The normal DNA in these samples usually emits a much stronger signal compared with the short fragments of tumor DNA. Yet despite the massive contamination of our population-based samples with normal DNA, we were able to observe a clear tumor DNA signal.”

According to the authors, clinical trials are now required to assess whether EFC#93 positive women, who do not have cancer that is detectable by mammography, would benefit from anti-hormonal therapy before the cancer becomes visible in the breast. Professor Widschwendter’s team is currently preparing a large scale population-based cell-free DNA research program which will also help to address this question.

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Notes to editor:

1.    Research article:

Methylation patterns in serum DNA for early identification of disseminated breast cancer
Widschwendter et al. Genome Medicine 2017

DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0499-9

The article is available at the journal website.  

A video abstract is available on YouTube.

Please name the journal in any story you write. If you are writing for the web, please link to the article. All articles are available free of charge, according to BMC's open access policy.

2.    A second article by Widschwendter et al. has also been published in Genome Medicine on Friday, 22nd December demonstrating that DNA methylation markers were able to detect 58% of ovarian cancers up to two years in advance of diagnosis.
The article is available at the journal website

3.    Genome Medicine publishes research and reviews that describe important advances in the application of genetics, genomics and multi-omics to understand, diagnose and treat disease. Areas covered include, but are not limited to: precision medicine, novel methods and software, cancer genomics, disease genomics and epigenomics, immunogenomics, infectious disease, microbiome and systems medicine.

4.    A pioneer of open access publishing, BMC has an evolving portfolio of high quality peer-reviewed journals including broad interest titles such as BMC Biology and BMC Medicine, specialist journals such as Malaria Journal and Microbiome, and the BMC series. At BMC, research is always in progress. We are committed to continual innovation to better support the needs of our communities, ensuring the integrity of the research we publish, and championing the benefits of open research. BMC is part of Springer Nature, giving us greater opportunities to help authors connect and advance discoveries across the world.

5.    The research was funded by the European Union and conducted by a research consortium called EpiFemCare led by University College London (UK) in partnership with GATC Biotech (Germany), Genedata (Switzerland), Ludwig Maximilians University (Germany) and Charles University (Czech Republic).