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Advancing the National Immunization Program in China: Making it More Effective and Sustainable

Guest edited by Shenglan Tang, Shu Chen, Anna Du, Lance E. Rodewald

A thematic series in Infectious Diseases of Poverty

Since its establishment in 1978, the national immunization program (NIP) in China has made remarkable achievements in the control and prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases. The coverage of the NIP, with 14 vaccines for 15 diseases, has reached more than 95% of children under six years older at the national level. However, the list of vaccines delivered free of charge in China has not been meaningfully expanded since 2008, although WHO has highly recommended several vaccines, such as PCV, HPV, Hib, and Rotavirus vaccines. Therefore, access to those non-NIP vaccines varies a great deal among different socio-economic development areas and in different socio-economic groups of China. With the support from the BMGF, the Innovation Lab for Vaccine Delivery Research in China, hosted at the Global Health Research Center of Duke Kunshan University, China, with a technical hub from Duke Global Health Institute, has worked with a number of leading Chinese universities, think-tanks, and disease control agencies to undertake several research projects on financing, organization/provision, and management of vaccine delivery in China over the past two years. 

This thematic series from Infectious Diseases of Poverty features new findings emanating from these projects, and also introduce several case studies in China and other Asian countries where pilot studies in introducing new vaccines have taken place. 

  1. Immunization is a cornerstone of public health. Despite great success, China’s National Immunization Program (NIP) faces challenges, such as the integration of several World Health Organization-recommended vac...

    Authors: Shu Chen, Lance E. Rodewald, Anna Heng Du and Shenglan Tang
    Citation: Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2024 13:25
  2. Many countries have adopted higher-valent pediatric combination vaccines to simplify vaccination schedules and minimize health expenditures and social costs. However, China is conservative in the use of pediat...

    Authors: Jiuling Li, Shu Chen, Edwin Asturias, Shenglan Tang and Fuqiang Cui
    Citation: Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2024 13:12
  3. The thirteen-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) is not included in the national immunization program and is administered voluntarily with informed consent in China. In preparation for assessing the ...

    Authors: Jian Wang, Li Qiu, Shuang Bai, Wei Zhao, Ao Zhang, Jing Li, Jun-Nan Zhang, Shan-Shan Zhou, Ren Qiu, Zhu Huang, Jv-Xia Liu, Ting-Bin Wang, Xue Sun, Jiang Wu, Qun Zheng, Bin He…
    Citation: Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2024 13:7
  4. Non-National Immunization Program (NIP) vaccines have played an important role in controlling vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) in China. However, these vaccines are paid out of pocket and there is room to i...

    Authors: Mingzhu Jiang, Shu Chen, Xuanxuan Yan, Xiaohua Ying and Shenglan Tang
    Citation: Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2023 12:114
  5. The World Health Organization (WHO) prioritizes pneumococcal disease as a vaccine-preventable disease and recommends the inclusion of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) in national immunization programs wor...

    Authors: Jiachen Wang, Yujue Wang, Ruoyu Xu, Ting Zhang, Yanyan Jiang, Yuanyuan Wang, Yi Wang, Yuanze Du, Wenxue Sun, Kai Deng, Weizhong Yang, Zengwu Wang, Luzhao Feng and Chunping Wang
    Citation: Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2023 12:110
  6. Despite high pneumococcal disease and economic burden in Indonesia and interest to introduce pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), there were challenges in establishing a comprehensive strategy to accelerate a...

    Authors: Anithasree Athiyaman, Putri Herliana, Atiek Anartati, Niken Widyastuti, Prima Yosephine, Gertrudis Tandy and Sherli Karolina
    Citation: Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2023 12:107
  7. Cervical cancer is a major public health concern in China, accounting for almost one-fifth of the global incidence and mortality. The recently prequalified domestic bivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine ...

    Authors: Dadong Wu, Peiyi Liu, Danhong Song, He Wang, Siqi Chen, Wanyi Tang, Xuelian Zhao, Fanghui Zhao and Yueyun Wang
    Citation: Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2023 12:98
  8. China's immunization programs conducted a unified, tightly coordinated COVID-19 vaccination campaign during the dynamic COVID Zero period that reached well over 90% of the population with vaccines having > 90%...

    Authors: Lance E. Rodewald
    Citation: Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2023 12:96
  9. Migrant and left-behind families are vulnerable in health services utilization, but little is known about their disparities in immunization of non-National Immunization Program (NIP) vaccines. This study aims ...

    Authors: Yaguan Zhou, Duanhui Li, Yuan Cao, Fenhua Lai, Yu Wang, Qian Long, Zifan Zhang, Chuanbo An and Xiaolin Xu
    Citation: Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2023 12:93
  10. Immunization is a crucial preventive measure to safeguard children under five years old against a range of diseases. In China, the coverage rate of non-National Immunization Program (non-NIP) vaccines can be i...

    Authors: Yun Lyu, Xiaozhen Lai, Yidi Ma and Hai Fang
    Citation: Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2023 12:91
  11. The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is the first vaccine developed specifically targeting the prevention of cervical cancer. For more than 15 years, China has expedited a series of efforts on research and d...

    Authors: Xue-Lian Zhao, Shang-Ying Hu, Jia-Wei Hu, Hong-Hao Wang, Tian-Meng Wen, Yu-Shu Feng, You-Lin Qiao, Fang-Hui Zhao and Yong Zhang
    Citation: Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2023 12:86
  12. Immunization is one of the most far-reaching and cost-effective strategies for promoting good health and saving lives. A complex immunization schedule, however, may be burdensome to parents and lead to reduced...

    Authors: Jianing Xu, Yujie Cui, Chuican Huang, Yuanyuan Dong, Yunting Zhang, Lichun Fan, Guohong Li and Fan Jiang
    Citation: Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2023 12:84